Compression Modes¶
zfp accepts one or more parameters for specifying how the data is to be compressed to meet various constraints on accuracy or size. At a high level, there are five different compression modes that are mutually exclusive: expert, fixed-rate, fixed-precision, fixed-accuracy, and reversible mode. The user has to select one of these modes and its corresponding parameters. In streaming I/O applications, the fixed-accuracy mode is preferred, as it provides the highest quality (in the absolute error sense) per bit of compressed storage.
The zfp_stream
struct encapsulates the compression parameters and
other information about the compressed stream. Its members should not be
manipulated directly. Instead, use the access functions (see the
C API section) for setting and querying them. One can
verify the active compression mode on a zfp_stream
through
zfp_stream_compression_mode()
. The members that govern the
compression parameters are described below.
Expert Mode¶
The most general mode is the ‘expert mode,’ which takes four integer parameters. Although most users will not directly select this mode, we discuss it first since the other modes can be expressed in terms of setting expert mode parameters.
The four parameters denote constraints that are applied to each block in the compression algorithm. Compression is terminated as soon as one of these constraints is not met, which has the effect of truncating the compressed bit stream that encodes the block. The four constraints are as follows:
-
uint zfp_stream.minbits¶
The minimum number of compressed bits used to represent a block. Usually this parameter equals one bit, unless each and every block is to be stored using a fixed number of bits to facilitate random access, in which case it should be set to the same value as
zfp_stream.maxbits
.
-
uint zfp_stream.maxbits¶
The maximum number of bits used to represent a block. This parameter sets a hard upper bound on compressed block size and governs the rate in fixed-rate mode. It may also be used as an upper storage limit to guard against buffer overruns in combination with the accuracy constraints given by
zfp_stream.maxprec
andzfp_stream.minexp
.
-
uint zfp_stream.maxprec¶
The maximum number of bit planes encoded. This parameter governs the number of most significant uncompressed bits encoded per transform coefficient. It does not directly correspond to the number of uncompressed mantissa bits for the floating-point or integer values being compressed, but is closely related. This is the parameter that specifies the precision in fixed-precision mode, and it provides a mechanism for controlling the relative error. Note that this parameter selects how many bits planes to encode regardless of the magnitude of the common floating-point exponent within the block.
-
int zfp_stream.minexp¶
The smallest absolute bit plane number encoded (applies to floating-point data only; this parameter is ignored for integer data). The place value of each transform coefficient bit depends on the common floating-point exponent, e, that scales the integer coefficients. If the most significant coefficient bit has place value 2e, then the number of bit planes encoded is (one plus) the difference between e and
zfp_stream.minexp
. As an analogy, consider representing currency in decimal. Settingzfp_stream.minexp
to -2 would, if generalized to base 10, ensure that amounts are represented to cent accuracy, i.e., in units of 10-2 = $0.01. This parameter governs the absolute error in fixed-accuracy mode. Note that to achieve a certain accuracy in the decompressed values, thezfp_stream.minexp
value has to be conservatively lowered since zfp’s inverse transform may magnify the error (see also FAQs #20-22).
Care must be taken to allow all constraints to be met, as encoding
terminates as soon as a single constraint is violated (except
zfp_stream.minbits
, which is satisfied at the end of encoding by
padding zeros).
Warning
For floating-point data, the zfp_stream.maxbits
parameter must
be large enough to allow the common block exponent and any control bits to
be encoded. This implies maxbits ≥ 9 for single-precision data and
maxbits ≥ 12 for double-precision data. Choosing a smaller value is
of no use as it would prevent any fraction (value) bits from being encoded,
resulting in an all-zero decompressed block. More importantly, such a
constraint will not be respected by zfp for performance reasons, which
if not accounted for could potentially lead to buffer overruns.
As mentioned above, other combinations of constraints can be used. For example, to ensure that the compressed stream is not larger than the uncompressed one, or that it fits within the amount of memory allocated, one may in conjunction with other constraints set
maxbits = 4^d * CHAR_BIT * sizeof(Type)
where Type is either float or double. The minbits
parameter is useful
only in fixed-rate mode; when minbits
= maxbits
, zero-bits are
padded to blocks that compress to fewer than maxbits
bits.
The effects of the above four parameters are best explained in terms of the three main compression modes supported by zfp, described below.
Fixed-Rate Mode¶
In fixed-rate mode, each d-dimensional compressed block of 4d values
is stored using a fixed number of bits given by the parameter
zfp_stream.maxbits
. This number of compressed bits per
block is amortized over the 4d values to give a rate in
bits per value:
rate = maxbits / 4^d
This rate is specified in the zfp executable via the
-r
option, and programmatically via zfp_stream_set_rate()
,
as a floating-point value. Fixed-rate mode can also be achieved via the
expert mode interface by setting
minbits = maxbits = (1 << (2 * d)) * rate
maxprec = ZFP_MAX_PREC
minexp = ZFP_MIN_EXP
Note that each block stores a bit to indicate whether the block is empty,
plus a common exponent. Hence zfp_stream.maxbits
must be at
least 9 for single precision and 12 for double precision.
Fixed-rate mode is needed to support random access to blocks, and also is the mode used in the implementation of zfp’s compressed arrays. Fixed-rate mode also ensures a predictable memory/storage footprint, but usually results in far worse accuracy per bit than the variable-rate fixed-precision and fixed-accuracy modes.
Note
Use fixed-rate mode only if you have to bound the compressed size or need read and write random access to blocks.
Fixed-Precision Mode¶
In fixed-precision mode, the number of bits used to encode a block may
vary, but the number of bit planes (i.e., the precision) encoded for the
transform coefficients is fixed. To achieve the desired precision,
use option -p
with the zfp executable or call
zfp_stream_set_precision()
. In expert mode, fixed precision is
achieved by specifying the precision in zfp_stream.maxprec
and fully relaxing the size constraints, i.e.,
minbits = ZFP_MIN_BITS
maxbits = ZFP_MAX_BITS
maxprec = precision
minexp = ZFP_MIN_EXP
Fixed-precision mode is preferable when relative rather than absolute errors matter.
Fixed-Accuracy Mode¶
In fixed-accuracy mode, all transform coefficient bit planes up to a
minimum bit plane number are encoded. (The actual minimum bit plane
is not necessarily zfp_stream.minexp
, but depends on the
dimensionality, d, of the data. The reason for this is that the inverse
transform incurs range expansion, and the amount of expansion depends on
the number of dimensions.) Thus, zfp_stream.minexp
should
be interpreted as the base-2 logarithm of an absolute error tolerance.
In other words, given an uncompressed value, f, and a reconstructed
value, g, the absolute difference | f − g | is at most
2minexp.
(Note that it is not possible to guarantee error tolerances smaller than
machine epsilon relative to the largest value within a block.) This error
tolerance is not always tight (especially for 3D and 4D arrays), but can
conservatively be set so that even for worst-case inputs the error
tolerance is respected. To achieve fixed accuracy to within ‘tolerance’,
use option -a
with the zfp executable or call
zfp_stream_set_accuracy()
. The corresponding expert mode
parameters are:
minbits = ZFP_MIN_BITS
maxbits = ZFP_MAX_BITS
maxprec = ZFP_MAX_PREC
minexp = floor(log2(tolerance))
As in fixed-precision mode, the number of bits used per block is not fixed but is dictated by the data. Use tolerance = 0 to achieve near-lossless compression (see Reversible Mode for guaranteed lossless compression). Fixed-accuracy mode gives the highest quality (in terms of absolute error) for a given compression rate, and is preferable when random access is not needed.
Note
Fixed-accuracy mode is available for floating-point (not integer) data only.
Reversible Mode¶
As of zfp 0.5.5, reversible (lossless) compression is supported. As with the other compression modes, each block is compressed and decompressed independently, but reversible mode uses a different compression algorithm that ensures a bit-for-bit identical reconstruction of integer and floating-point data. For IEEE-754 floating-point data, reversible mode preserves special values such as subnormals, infinities, NaNs, and positive and negative zero.
The expert mode parameters corresponding to reversible mode are:
minbits = ZFP_MIN_BITS
maxbits = ZFP_MAX_BITS
maxprec = ZFP_MAX_PREC
minexp < ZFP_MIN_EXP
Reversible mode is enabled via zfp_stream_set_reversible()
and through
the -R
command-line option in the zfp executable.
It is supported by both the low- and high-level interfaces and by the serial
and OpenMP execution policies, but it is not yet implemented in CUDA.